Best anki kanji deck reddit. Here's a breakdown to help you choose: 1.

Best anki kanji deck reddit. html>un

Stephanie Eckelkamp

Best anki kanji deck reddit. ru/qbev4h/kef-ls50-wireless-connect-to-wifi.

Best anki kanji deck reddit. Click the bubble for "place in review queue with an interval between" and enter a starting interval of your choosing. The app Learn Kanji has writing practice mixed in with multiple choice questions. /r/MCAT is a place for MCAT practice, questions, discussion, advice, social networking, news, study tips and more. If you can't, then the first is the best since it sounds the most complete even though you'd have to Google how to reset the deck. Then I changed the definitions and customized the cards myself using the styling of Refold's old RRTK deck. So, my advice for you as someone who haven't spent an outrageous number of hours tweaking Anki's SRS, Decks, Cards, Addons, etc. The #1 social media platform for MCAT advice. All in one Kanji Deck (Anki) I currently know over 2,000 words, but never bothered to learn individual kanji and their meanings (although I probably have a good idea of a lot of them since I know a lot of vocab). You need to at least do the deck until you mature all the cards. As such, it includes 2000+ Joyo kanji and 25000+ common Japanese words that include kanji. You'll sink dozens of hours. This is a good aid. There are other smaller ones here in case you run into any trouble with the first one. This deck's purpose is to learn how to read Japanese kanji as they appear in the text. Several years ago I made a comprehensive Anki deck for Japanese. . card contains 私 and the addon creates cards for 厶, 禾 and 私, in this order). Doing this helped make learning vocab easier for me. Nayr's 5K is unrelated to the 2/6/10k decks. " Just learn a word, then learn to "spell" it with Kanji. Day 1, fill a page with あ and another with い. e. 不動産屋 isn’t a word in the 2. 3. If you want unlimited/untracked practice, you could also just use they handwriting keyboard built into Gboard, and type characters into a notes app or dictionary. Besides that, the whole point of Wanikani is to give context to kanji and vocab so that you can review and expand on the kanji you learn. true. You also have supporting info to bolster your memorization around 堂 and 事, once you get to them. • 8 yr. Most people btw consider learning kanji readings a complete waste of time. Hopefully it doesn't get removed again, and their entire basis for removing it was BS in the first place. I only did RRTK deck with the 1k most common kanji and it took me 3 months to mature all the cards, but I started learning vocab the very first day after I got to the 1k kanji. I want to create a deck where cards have the Kanji on one side, and the definition on the other. u/penguinpajama MCAT Anki deck. I tend to Google words in KKLC and and then Google words in Kanji Damage for a certain kanji, the vocab from KAnji Damage always gives me millions of hits. This deck has pinyin, pictures, and great audio to go with it. It can be set up to look at the cards currently in your deck and automatically add kanji and radical cards to a deck based on words you already know or will learn soon. You should trust that system if you’re intent on using it. 3k to be in the order of KKLC (Kodansha Kanji Learner's Course, an alternative to rtk). If you take all of these Anki decks (Core 2000 Step 01-10) you have 2000 words, which is why I'm assuming the decks are called "Core 2000". You can mess with the formatting to show whatever you like on the front and back. RTK Anki deck suggestions? Hey everyone! Since I've already learned a great deal here, I thought I'd ask for advice on one more thing: I've been following wanikani for Kanji studies for the past month, but realized many people seem to swear by the rtk books. • 6 yr. The ultimate geography deck is one of the best decks for this, with flags and capitals. Can't speak for this specific deck, but decks made from the JLPT Tango N5 book are great for beginners. Hey guys. When I'm translating, instead of translating the kanji to an english meaning, then translating that english meaning into japanese, I will just go Yeah that's the deck, guess just the title was a bit different. And it's free: Automatically creates the necessary kanji cards for the cards that are in the queue of any premade deck of your choosing (e. 6. So a keyword + kana => kanji deck helps. There's usually a number of words and readings present, both Sino and native Japanese, in order to disambiguate and just in general have higher coverage. I changed the order to the Genki's order, so that when I study this deck I learn the kanji in the order they are introduced in the textbook. The on readings are used in compound kanji whereas the kun reading is used for the word. For example you have 人 = person then you have the stroke order for it, the onyomi and kunyomi meanings, and with words in context like. I will say that learning kanji in context is probably the best way to learn and that an anki deck just for kanji is suboptimal. I'd never used Anki before, and I must say I rather like it! It's teaching me all sorts of words and they are indeed sticking in my head. Although people use it for learning, it’s not a pleasant experience. Ideally, you should make your own Genki deck. Sort by: Deffdapp. I get them mixed up since it's been a while. Learn that 食堂 is しょくどう which means "dining hall". Sometimes, however, this word in real life is 100% useless. If it is, please let me know. The website mostly focuses on the Egyptian dialect, but every word has its MSA equivalent written next to it. So, I know a decent amount of words (like 4000-6000 depending on whether there's furigana and how sharp I am at the time) but my kanji is kind of bad. Instead of trying to do 100 new cards from the deck each day, keep the pace slow, like 10/day, and add words with the same kanjis to your deck by hand. 3k decks. Awkaned1. That sort of thing. Tae Kim expects 0 vocab/kanji, which is why he includes vocab lists, and "hovering" for kanji readings and stuff. Jan 17, 2022 · Visit Anki Deck. This deck has all the sentences read by a single woman, while core 6k/10k has a few different voices (Some of the guy's voiceovers in the 10k are comically creepy sounding in I did RRTK which just has around 1000 kanji. With Hiragana and Katakana being the foundation of Japanese learning, in this Anki Deck, you will be able to learn the basics of Japanese pronunciation. netguile. SRS apps are probably the best at helping you retain the info you've learned. org, but I'd like to memorize a few kanji on the side as well. I'm addition, it starts with basic characters and builds from there. • 3 yr. I'm using the official Anki app with a deck called "JLPT N2 Vocab" that I downloaded from their repository of users' decks. It forces you to learn the most commonly used words and recognize their kanji. All the kanji I'm putting into my kanji deck are also in my vocab deck. If I can associate the kanji with the Japanese way of saying it, it will save me a step in the future when I know the word. Your Level: Beginner: Focus on basic vocabulary and grammar decks like Japanese Core 2000 Step 01 , Japanese Basic Hiragana , and Katakana Reading Practice. I just go one way, and try to write the kanji Best Anki deck for Hiragana and Katakana. Ideally you want something that includes audio and introduces the new word in the context of an i+1 sentence (i. IIRC there is also a deck that has the KanjiDamage deck, placed in order of frequency if you prefer that. So I need a good anki deck that will help me learn more words, sentences, and pronouncation. For kanji, consider kanji damage and kanji in context decks. Even lets you choose the speaker if there's more than one recording for a word. Kanji/Kana. The difference is in the words and sentences used (10k has some awful ones like 爪楊枝 (toothpick)) and the audio. The point is to memorize the keyword so it makes learning the vocab easier. I'll also be unable to use my PC for several months in the near future, so using AnkiDroid will be my only source of studying. I decided to compile an Anki deck that includes kanji recall and recognition, vocab recall and recognition, and every example sentence regarding the grammar points in Tobira, broken up by lesson. If you don't mind spending some money, I've found Kanji Garden really helpful. I prefer anki since it allows you to change those intervals. I was a few lessons into Genki II when I started. Word writing deck with a voiced context without any BS. • 2 yr. Nov 7, 2015 · Good deck, been using it for more than a year now - having some trouble though with the choose the correct answer cards (6 kanji shown, you select the correct one) after I upgraded to Anki 23. Since this deck may or may not include copyrighted material, it is a deck that get uploaded and removed quite often from the official Anki website. Basically, after you style it correctly, you will be able to hover-over a kanji and it will give you a furigana hint if you need it, but you can (and should probably) also try to answer it without the hint. Meister1888. Kanji. The info for the kanji is displayed on the bottom of the card. I spent a lot of time working on this, and I hope it can help someone. The kanji are arranged by grade and frequency. Japanese Support for quickly adding furigana, and allowing one field with furigana formatted like 買[か]い 物[もの You can learn kana by spending a few weeks (a little bit every day) writing them out repetitively. Here, you can discuss anything related to Anki, share resources on Anki or spaced repetition, and reach out or lend a hand with any questions. Anki 2300 Kanji deck in portuguese Hello everyone, I know that the majority of the content or things that appear here are in English, but since I'm not very good at it, I decided to create my own decks in Portuguese. Or go to youtube, there are some good study break-downs there. There is another post on the sub with a famous buildings deck. E. I decided to check it out and got myself a 4th edition version for my first try. Manga, books, websites, videogames Maybe get the dictionary of intermediate japanese grammar to look up grammar you don't know yet and to have example sentences to put into Anki. Hey y'all, I re-ordered Core2. Kodansha Kanji Learner's Guide Anki Deck with Audio. You'll see a list kanji using the racical, and the radical itself is colorized, so you can immediately recognize it and notice its postion. N5 is roughly elementary grade 1, N4 grade 2, N3 grades 3 and 4, N2 grades 5 and 6, and N1 the rest of the jōyō kanji to be learned in junior Anki is made for review, not for learning. Edit: There is one version of the deck that uses kanji above the N5 level so it is a good opportunity to learn kanji too. This should have the advantage of Core2. 10 the kanji before hovering over them are offset down and to the right off of the cards, but center correctly when hovered over and chosen correctly. The words are arranged to appear after the kanji In fact, I found enough data to make a deck eight times as big, but too many words beyond the 10k mark fall outside my English vocabulary and even beyond that are either proper nouns or Japanese words written with katakana. As I often do, I created yet another Anki deck, this time for Japanese sentences, all with audio in English and Japanese (used AwesomeTTS). Odyssey taught in RTK order, alongside the Core 2k/6k Optimized deck which is sorted using those kanji. While I'm not sharing the Anki decks openly Unlike the other levels learning how to write the 100 kanji for N5 helps. So im currently using an anki addon that looks at a vocubalary deck, takes all the kanji from that deck, and then creates another deck full of kanji, and its radicals. The original KD deck has its own order of Kanji. For Kanji, I found this "All in one" deck that combines popular kanji decks like RTK and Wanikani, so I assume this deck is sufficient for N1 kanji unless I'm mistaken. u/vixxyn’s MCAT Anki deck. 3K, All-in-one Kanji deck and the three grammar decks Genki + N1 + N2. 大人 means adult/big person. By His Awesomeness u/alb404 with tips from u/Xia666 and maybe others. However, I now realize I should probably just suck it up and learn all 2200 kanji as this will make learning new vocab a lot easier. Still a lot of work to do on these decks before I share the updated shared decks I use. I really like the free Anki Kanji God addon. Basically, it's the 555 kanji from 2001. Those two steps consist of 200 words, as well as 200 example sentences, as extra notes, hence 400 notes in total. Really depends on what method you intend to use after that to learn kanji. u/mitochondrialdna24’s MCAT Anki deck. Here is the link. I did the core 2k + the core 2. The prevailing opinion in Matt's community is "Don't waste months or years drilling individual Kanji or doing some version of RTK unless you're really, really struggling. Feb 10, 2015 · Actually the best and most complete deck about Kanji\I have to thank the author for the hard work of putting everything together. The back of the card shows the kanji desired (瑞) and the kanji forms of the front-side words ("瑞々しい: fresh, youthful, lively, vibrant, vivacious; abundant, juicy"). if you learn 山 = mountain from the core deck, there is nothing wrong with adding 一山 (one heap), 山々 (many mountains), by hand. There are a lot of things that I would like to know- the general knowledge kind. It's a multi part deck, so make sure to grab both parts to ensure you're not missing anything. I don't know which is the best but this one has the anki deck for Assimil Spanish. , aside from the new word, the example sentence should only contain words you’re already familiar with). OxkissyfrogxO • 8 yr. I also recommend disabling automatic backups for this profile and doing them manually, as each one takes 1. ADMIN MOD. Kana Mnemonics (Tofugu) Kana Mnemonics is an Anki Deck that teaches you Japanese Hiragana and Katakana with mnemonics created by Tofugu. Having said that, if you are using WaniKani, you are already doing a lot of individual kanji study (some would say more than necessary) and if I was you I would simply drop the all in one kanji deck again and focus on vocabulary and grammar instead. Speaking. Moreover, anki decks tend to not have romaji, since anki can auto generate furigana. Makaijin. The addon itself is very useful, as it breaks down the kanji, has the possible the kunyomi an onyomi, links to the dictionary of that kanji, and has different Mnemonics However, for the adult learner, it makes more sense (a) to learn Kanji graphemes step by step, so that one does not learn a complex Kanji without first learning the component parts to be used in interpreting it's meaning; and (b) to learn Kanji in logical groupings based on similarities in graphical form (and sometimes meaning or reading), so Aug 28, 2023 · Simple kanji deck - English definition and on'yomi: 1: 2015-01-24: 2136: 0: 0: 1000 most common japanese words (with audio) Memrise: 1: Anki Deck - Learn Japanese Whichever deck you choose, don't bother learning any more than the first 1 or 2 thousand words. ago. It has some really good mnemonics for each of the kanji. 2. 3k deck mentioned by OP anyway, and the words are arranged in a frequency order so that stuff like that doesn I went through Kanji Damage 6-ish years ago learning 10 kanji a day and using an Anki deck for reviews. Going through it before going to a language school was probably the best thing I did for myself to prepare because I would have drowned in kanji without a systematic way of learning them. Yomichan Forvo Server for finding audio from forvo in yomichan, before you click "make card". The absolute best way would just be to encounter words through immersion and put those into your own anki deck. You could make sound to meaning cards and english to Japanese cards to help remember them. For example, front: {kanji}, back: {meaning}, {sentenceback Funny enough, I used a wanikani to anki converter a while ago. After that you're better off starting your own deck and filling it the words YOU come across that you want to learn. g. Renshuu. Once you have For kanji I recommend this one, the mother of all Kanji Learner's Course anki decks. Jul 14, 2016 · Core 1000 Step 01" and "iKnow! Core 1000 Step 02" words. I posted it on another forum and thought some Have faith in the product you decided to actually use. It includes the 51 radicals that comprise 75% of Joyo Kanji, the 250 most common kanji from anime, and some primitives that otherwise weren't included. Now, as I work through the textbook, learning new vocabulary, instead of creating cards for each word, I un-suspend the ones in the existing deck to bring words in at a suitable pace. The MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) is offered by the AAMC and is a required exam for admission to medical schools in the USA and Canada. And yeah you can just read the dictionary (yomichan) to learn words, but also adding the words into Anki with the format of core decks can help remember better rather than solely doing the former. AdditionalOstrich937. r/Anki. The ability to pass the Kanji Kentei test up to the relevant deck section (prior Japanese knowledge required). Here's a breakdown to help you choose: 1. Anki Connect for easily making cards with yomichan. Do you really want to learn the 'classical' radicals? 1. vsheerin15. 655K subscribers in the LearnJapanese community. I already know how to read hiragana and katakana I should add While there aren't any official kanji lists, the JLPT levels' kanji sections (supposedly) roughly follow the Japanese school system's kanji by grades, so it would be easier to find something for that. One last one to mention is readthekanji. So, not explicitly what you're asking for, but perhaps the same outcome: RRTK 450. I'd like a recommendation for a beginner kanji anki deck. Harness an understanding of kanji meaning and kanji composition that is similar to that of native speakers. This should make the deck easier to learn I think, thus mitigating the big problem with the original deck. Despite using Anki, I forgot the majority of the kanji about a month after completing the deck lol. This contains Anki "decks", basically a set of digital flashcards that can be studied using the computer program (and mobile app) called Anki. My goal is to read Japanese, so all my cards have the japanese on the front. There's other ways to do it, but the way I do it is as follows: I have a kanji deck, and all it is is English+on'yomi +kun'yomi (+notes if necessary to distinguish similar kanji), and kanji on the back. Now you have the two most common readings for this kanji by deduction, and multiple common words they appear in. The only real trouble I have is katakana but that's because I really used it. Haven't yet finished uploading all of them, but for now have the first one here: No. I'd recommend stopping somewhere between 500-1000 kanji. I have a version of that. There are three subdecks: nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Personally, I like the KanjiDamage deck, it has the mainly used 1,500 or so kanji arranged with similar kanji close to each other. I've been looking for a deck like this for a while, so I made it myself. Key 3400 deck by Grandmaster u/KeenWolfPaw with help from u/Booksandbooty and maybe others. u/nextlevelcolors’ MCAT Anki deck. It's another SRS app like Anki but dedicated entirely to kanji. A community-run subreddit about the Anki flashcard app and related services. Hi everyone, I made an Anki deck that contains all 2,300 Kanji and all the important vocabulary in the Kodansha Kanji Learner's Guide Kanji (as well as a couple hundred easy words from Genki 1/2), for a total of 9,900 cards. It might not be a bad idea to read some articles from tofugu or something on how to learn kanji. Draw the kanji on AnkiDroid/AnkiMobile. I know you asked for anki decks, but I found that desert sky is a great place to get vocabulary. And by "better" I mean it's more effective for learning/remembering, not faster (obviously). , is to not use Anki in the first place. By the way, I have the N4 and N3 decks from nukemarine too, but my version of the N3 deck is nowhere near 3500 cards. My initial plan was to complete the Core 2K, Core 2. com I think it is $20/yr for everything, but you can try out the JLPT 4 deck for free and see how you like it. •. Basically, Anki itself doesn't work unless you have a real connection through the words through context. If you can't see how great of resource this is I feel sorry for you. 12 votes, 15 comments. I've no idea how to use the software well enough to shuffle the deck though; it is Hello, so my question is in the kanji damage reordered deck in Anki you have the kanji very good explained. What are the best decks for broad knowledge? Question. The main setting you should change in Anki is increasing the amount of review cards to its maximum, i think it's like 9999 or something. I switched to a large Core deck, then suspended the entire deck. The system requires that you type in the Japanese word so it really helps with long vowels and things like that. Automatically creates kanji cards when you add a card to your decks that contains a kanji you do not yet know. I reccomend trying out both, but note that it's harder to go back to wanikani after doing the anki deck since there's no skip buttons whereas on anki you can just delete the levels you did in wanikani. mierecat. If you want to read and understand japanese text, then put the japanese text on the front of the card and the translation on the back. Oct 31, 2020 · Teach easy and reliable recall of kanji in a variety of contexts. You can use this deck and study the kanji in kanken level 6 and 5. It helps with recall and would be custom made to your tastes. My goal is to just be able to speak japanese really, I want to read but not anything crazy and I'm not concerned about learning to write. (Or use the single part mega link). Random things I was curious about and looked up. PS: I think I've made one of the better decks for most common kanji for most common vocabulary. 10. Good luck! 1. Stroke order is not so important. Hello fellow Japanese learners, I made an Anki deck to teach writing kanji to fellow advanced learners who think existing methods such as RTK are clumsy and don't lead to good results. If you google "hover over furigana anki" you can learn how to style your cards for that. This may not be a day 1 beginner deck, but it's certainly a beginner deck and a really good one at that. The pronunciation of the word by a native speaker (usually) A sample card back Learn that 食事 is しょくじ which means "meal". But it combines info from every radical deck I could find. Goes up to level 2, which covers all jouyou kanji. EDIT: Added Download premade decks for characters (kana and kanji), but for vocabulary and sentence decks you'll have a much better learning experience if you create them yourself, after encountering them in native media. Welcome to r/LearnJapanese, *the* hub on Reddit for learners of the Japanese Language. Thank you ! The first one is a vocab deck, you learn the words from the jlpt list, but you learn them based on their kanji order. So, when I was deciding on how big this deck should be I decided to stop somewhere between ridiculous and too ridiculous. But I can say it includes the kanji in 4 different fonts, the RTK number, the keyword, meanings, and two stories. Not really unique to Matt, Refold, or anything really--it's just how you should learn Kanji. Also, if your going to learn the kanji I recommend learning the readings and the kanji’s English meanings separately. Shared MSA decks- (TOM 1-4) & (Memrise Arabic 1-7), Shared Egyptian decks- (Atef Rostom) & ( Lisaan Masry) - Biggest warning of all: If you're going to use these decks, please backup your Anki profile and add them to a NEW profile, as they are too large to sync with AnkiWeb and might break your collection. They have have thousands of vocabulary on various topics. Be wary as some decks are over-kanjified on the idea people would learn kanji first. I got back to learning Japanese about a week ago, I am using Anki, the decks I've been using are: "Japanese Core 2000 step 01listening sentence" + images and "Japanese Hiragana (Basic)" I've actually almost mastered hiragana and can already read and write simple words sentences and I understand a lot The shared decks on Anki that I tried using were not up to my standards so I've been editing a couple MSA decks and a couple Egyptian decks. On mobile it works by touch instead of hover. 3 GB. 1. You can learn a language easily without it. Front 雷 Back: Thunder, and a kanji story (goes in my kanji deck) Card 2: Recognize a word: Front 雷 Back (dictionary definition of this word) (goes in my vocab deck) Card 3: Either another word with this kanji in it, or a phrase which uses this kanji For cards you already know: open the browse window (b from the main anki window), pick the appropriate deck on the left, and select the appropriate cards from the card pane in the top right. The deck is quite similar to wanikani, you got the audio, sentences (I deleted this The Heisig decks you can find online may or may not include the original mnemonics from the books, but will usually include the user submitted mnemonics from the kanji kohii. You might even learn CSS or python, instead of Japanese. Best anki decks for beginners ? Resources. I was going to go through an RTK 6th edition Anki deck and do some emphasis on palm writing the kanji after being able to read the 2k or however many kanji are in there. Each card has the following: The English definition kanji headword with the corresponding kana on the back Links to Jisho. His guide is purely for grammar (and an introduction to the language); no former knowledge is necessary. So explore and make them yourself :) 2. If you want to come up with the japanese after seeing english, then put english on the front. I agree with the others about Anki. But there are just so many Anki RTK decks out there and I don't feel like I'm well equipped to judge which is the best choice for me. I also have begun the Genki 1 book. Reply. It has all the medical terms as well as a Dialogue section that covers a full H&P. With Anki you can make your own deck or download ones that other people have made. So if what you are looking for is not included in my deck, it's probably not on ankiweb. lingualism sells some nice decks if you're willing to pay for them. I've memorized all kana and I'm currently studying grammar using guidetojapanese. But it was the wrong book version so I had to reorder the kanji. Here's my video review of the book and showing off the deck I put together. The flashcards likely have each sentence from the show/game/manga as well as the audio if it's an anime, as most of these decks were generated using a tool called Subs2SRS . All throughout I had all of them figured out, then decided to go and actually put my full attention into learning the Japanese language. hit ctrl + alt + r. Apr 4, 2024 · The best Anki deck for you depends on your current level, learning goals, and preferred learning style. Unfortunately I can't find the deck I'm using on AnkiWeb, maybe it was taken offline. A lot of definitions or even readings might change with this update. The following Anki decks, listed in no particular order, are some of the most comprehensive MCAT Anki decks found on Reddit: Ortho528 MCAT Anki deck. 4. Then, eventually, write out the whole 5x10 table from memory. 3k's vocabulary selection along with the advantage of KKLC's kanji building. Most agree kanji studies should begin early since you don't want to relearn words, and they won't slow down I dropped Anki btw. The second one is a kanji deck. You Usually the "main vocab" for a kanji in KKLC is one that serves the name (concept) that the writer has chosen to label that kanji. After checking the web for Anki decks covering Tobira: Gateway to Advanced Japanese, I could only find a grammar deck and some (decent) kanji and vocabulary decks. IntMedDoc. Wearepush. I will say different dialects have different words/phrases that you have to look out for, but I have found that this deck is very accurate. u/jacksparrow2048’s MCAT Anki Deck. Having the example sentence on front of the card can help, if that works for you. I would just start reading at this point. It can also be adjusted to go in Frequency, JLPT, RTK, kanken, school year, or wanikani order. Since you're a beginner, I'd advise doing only one of these decks first - unless you're an experience Anki user and feel confident in your ability to learn and retain complex information. A lot of people will scoff at the idea View community ranking In the Top 1% of largest communities on Reddit Looking for the best Anki decks for JLPT N5 Kanji and Vocab Looking for two separate good decks that cover JLPTN5 Kanji and Vocabulary If you just learn 400 kanji from the beginning, you will be learning several thousand words before even stumbling upon words with unknown kanji I know Britt vs Japan has a copy of an RTK anki deck somewhere. Jo-Mako. All those notes were released for free =/ Kanji Writing Deck [Complete Jouyou Kanji Coverage & Proven Results With Kanken] Resources. But my review is actually addressed to negative reviews, that are based upon ignorance about the Anki app: (1) all cards HAVE info about the kun/on-yomi readings, and you CAN show it indeed. They'll be questions where you have to choose the correct kanji and they'll be mistakes (or similar-looking non-N5 kanji), etc. Spaced repetition really doesn't make sense for this. ce tx rd dn ab np un tk fr yb